COMZ GROZI ALERGIA?
Every third person allergic to any allergen suffers from hay fever or year-round allergic rhinitis. These diseases account for over 30% of all allergy varieties. Hay fever is not related to human age - both infants and the elderly suffer from it. However, men are twice as likely as women affected by this disease.
When asked - who is allergic to it - specialists respond,
that some diseases are transmitted hereditary in the form of so-called atopic diathesis. Scar atopic disease, or atopy, is an inborn tendency to develop allergies. Although its exact mechanism has not yet been recognized, the increased secretion of IgE antibodies in serum in response to an allergen allows its recognition. Hereditary diseases include bronchial asthma, allergic rhinitis, hay fever, atopic eczema, some urticaria and hypersensitivity to food.
Mechanism of allergy inheritance
As a result of the research, it was established that if no one has allergic diseases in the family, then the risk of allergy in the family is about 12%. If one of the parents is an allergy, the risk increases to 20% of the newborn child. When one of the siblings is additionally allergic, it increases to 32%. The biggest risk, as much as 43%, occurs when both parents are allergic, and if they suffer from the same allergic disease, the risk of allergy in a child increases to 73%!
You can get allergies alone?
The risk factor may be a congenital excess of IgE antibodies produced - most likely caused by disturbances in the regulation of the immune system. Another reason may be diets committed in the artificial feeding of infants - resulting in increased permeability of the mucous membranes of the airways and intestines. Increased permeability makes it easier for some of the nutrients (eg casein from cow's milk) to get into the body prematurely, which may cause sensitization. The remaining percentage of allergic conditions is associated with environmental factors such as exposure to environmental toxins - ozone, sulfur compounds, car exhaust, etc.
Symptoms of allergies can change with age.
For example, during infancy, there may be atopic eczema on the skin, in the same child in many 3-4 years asthma attacks may occur, and around 10-12 years - hay fever. Variable occurrence of these types of diseases and their mating is possible because they are often caused by the same allergens, and the mechanisms of disease formation are similar for the whole group.
The dependence of the severity of the disease on the concentration of the allergen in the environment is characteristic
Much depends on the amount of allergens in the environment in which the patient is staying, or in the foods he eats. Therefore, the first step in the treatment of allergies should be to identify allergens and avoid them. The elimination of contact with an allergen or a significant reduction in its impact on the body usually causes a reduction in the severity of the disease and the demand for medicines.
(EOM)
ALLERGY - RESULT OF IMMUNOLOGICAL ERROR
Normally, the immune system of a healthy human being is well prepared to quickly remove foreign substances that threaten health, which enter the body through the digestive tract, through the lungs, or as a result of skin damage.
Generations of viruses, bacteria, parasites, etc. have been attacking the human body for generations.
Some of them are immune to the body. After the first infection, the immune system produces specific antibodies - IgE immunoglobulins that constantly detect and mobilize the body to fight the infection.Thanks to this, in a healthy person, the entry of a virus or pathogenic bacteria to which it is immunized quickly ends with asymptomatic mastery of the infection. Germs are recognized and destroyed ("digested") by many cells of the immune system, torn to shreds by corrosive enzymes, so-called. complement system. This mechanism of early recognition and immediate destruction of germs due to the production of specific antibodies recognizing the chemical formula of the virus or bacteria was used in protective vaccines.
An immunological error in the body
However, in some people, the mechanism of combating germs and toxins misidentifies the substances that threaten health from harmless allergens. A seemingly harmless substance - plant pollen or a part of food can be considered by the immune system as a threat to health and combated so aggressively that our body suffers. The degree of allergen exposure increases with the mass of their occurrence and the inability to avoid (eg ubiquitous pollen of plants), the time in which we are exposed to exposure and the violent reaction and the type of body organ that has been attacked by an inflammatory allergic reaction.
When asked why this is so, science can not yet answer.
We only know that allergy suffers from the increased production of a specific class of antibodies - IgE immunoglobulins. Immunoglobulil IgE are usually used to fight food parasites, so it is probably a mistake of the immune system, which involves the treatment of allergens as a threat rarely attacking us with food parasites. The appearance of these immunoglobulins, however, explains other aspects of the sensitization mechanism.
The basis of the allergic reaction is persistent and very strong sensitization, known as atopy.
Persistent, atopic allergy to an allergen arises due to the fact that the body once had contact with a given substance and reacted to it hypersensitively - as if the pollen sensitive plant or milk protein were a threat to health. Then, the effect of this allergic reaction is the formation of a specialized immune antibody - to fight the allergen - of the already mentioned IgE immunoglobulin. Immunoglobulins are able to permanently store in their structure the chemical code of the allergen and instantly recognize the apparent enemy, as soon as it re-enters the body. (This mechanism of memorizing the germ code, as already mentioned, is positively used in vaccines)
Atopia accelerates and strengthens the allergic reaction
The antibodies on duty thanks to the chemical formula of the recent intruder stored in their receptors recognize it instantly and fight it immediately. Typically, the immune system produces and maintains a readily available amount of IgE antibodies that are "rapid reaction". Once the surveillance allergen is again in a sensitized organism, the antibodies immediately recognize it and simultaneously inform mast cells - specialized in mobilizing all the forces of the immune system to fight the apparent enemy. Atopic antibodies can last for years, often for the life of an allergy sufferer. This enables quick recognition of the allergen and immediate action to destroy it. Cells mobilizing the immune system for a strong allergic reaction are the so-called mast cells that in the presence of an allergen secrete large amounts of histamine.
Local inflammation strengthens the allergic reaction
Histamine is a chemical stimulus that mobilizes the immune system. This substance in contact with tissues causes local redness, warming, swelling and pain. It triggers local inflammation, widens blood vessels and accelerates blood flow from other parts of the body, and along with immune cells. Thanks to this, cell cells and defensive enzymes of the complement system, etc., flow in more quickly.
Histamine and allergy
Increased help, which usually facilitates immune defense against infection, in the case of allergies is harmful. Large amounts of histamine and other inflammatory mediators, the influx of immune cells induces long-lasting inflammation that gives health-threatening disease symptoms in the organs mentioned at the beginning. Histamine, as well as other secreted inflammatory mediators mentioned at the outset, have a dilatory effect on small blood vessels. They increase their permeability, causing local exudates of blood plasma and edema.
CD - 3
(RED)
Allergy - the word comes from the Greek allos - another and ergon - work.
As it is easy to guess, the allergic reaction means "other", and more specifically the pathological reaction of the body to allergens, which are not harmful to a healthy person.
In allergy sufferers, for unknown reasons, the immune system "blots" harmless flower pollen, food particles and other substances that are normally health-neutral with dangerous germs or parasites. It mobilizes immune cells to strenuous and chronic struggle with the apparent but mass influxing "aggressor" - an allergen. The result of this fight are symptoms that cause serious damage to health.
A healthy reaction to the antigen
In a healthy human, the immune system reacts correctly to the so-called toxic antigens, which are usually viruses, bacteria, fungi, yeasts, parasites and various toxic chemicals. The antigen can be any substance that has two characteristics: immunogenicity, i.e. the ability to induce a specific immune response against itself, and antigenicity, i.e. the ability to react with special antibodies of the immune system. The response to the antigen is to remove this alien body that threatens your health!
An allergic reaction affects an antigen that does not threaten health!
It results from a mistake in recognizing its harmless chemical composition and recognition of a neutral substance - eg pollen or animal's hair - as "highly harmful" to health. This means immediate mobilization of the immune forces against the "foreign" substance. The immune system - also called the immune system begins a long-lasting and intense "fight" with a substance that has penetrated into the body, and which from that moment is for the body - an allergen.
The most common allergens:
The most common allergens are plant pollen, mold spores, mite excreta, animal dander, animal cuticles, bird feathers, some foods, etc.
Mechanism of allergic reaction
The allergen can be any, even a microscopic protein substance - plant or animal. (In medicine, the synomim is also used - antigen). The penetration of the allergen into the body triggers a strong defensive action of the immune system. Numerous immune cells (Th2 lymphocytes) are activated. As a result of intercellular interactions aimed at the destruction of a foreign substance - read the allergen - symptoms of the disease occur in the organ that has come into contact with the substance. The direct cause of these symptoms is abundant secretion from specialized immune cells of the relay proteins. They are so-called inflammation mediators - histamine, kinins, prostaglandins, leukotrienes, tachykinins, cytokines and others and others Inflammatory allergic reaction causes symptoms: in the mucous membranes of the nose (causing hay fever), mucous membranes of the bronchi and (asthma!), In the gastrointestinal mucosa (food allergy and diarrhea), on the skin (urticaria, eczema, angioneurotic edema and others) , etc.
Examples of typical allergic reactions in the nose, bronchi and intestines
For example, the nasal mucosa irritated by symptoms of inflammation reacts with leakage of watery secretion from the nose, itching and frequent instances of sneezing, so-called salvos. These are the symptoms of hay fever known to some allergy sufferers. This is often accompanied by inability to breathe through the nose, photophobia, watery eyes, redness of the face, and sometimes swelling of the upper lip. Then we deal with allergic rhinitis or hay fever.
Astmatykowi. histamine changes the properties of the cell membrane so that too much calcium and sodium ions get inside, which can cause excessive spasms of the bronchial muscles. This makes breathing difficult and causes asthma (allergic asthma).
Sensitized to food allergens, the mucous membrane of the small intestine reacts with an inflammatory condition that causes diarrhea. We then deal with the so-called food alergy. The skin allergy to a given allergen reacts with strong erythema, itching or urticaria, which we know well from burning a nettle. We are talking about atopic skin inflammation. In addition, a feeling of being unwell may occur in an allergic reaction. lack of concentration, feeling of being broken, etc. symptoms - triggered, among others the so-called nervous system release neuropeptides.
(Eds)
