HARMFUL HEALTH. OBTAINING
There are two types of obesity: [5,6,11,16]
In people with normal body mass, the fat mass does not exceed 20% of the weight in women and 10% in men. In obese people, it is often over 50% of body weight! This high excess of adipose tissue may be differently distributed in the body. Therefore, two basic types of obesity are distinguished:
A. Abdominal obesity - which we define as an android type, otherwise known as wisceralny or "apple" type. This type of obesity is characteristic for obesity men B. Gynoidal - otherwise called glenoid-femoral or "pear", which is conditioned by sexual dimorphism and highly characteristic of women
The simplest measurement to determine the type of obesity is to measure the size of the waist. If the waist circumference of a woman is between 80 and 88 cm and more, and in a man between 94 and 102 cm and more, there is a high probability of developing abdominal obesity. However, if the waist circumference is greater than or equal to 88 cm in women and greater than or equal to 102 cm in men, then we recognize abdominal obesity, characterized by a high content of the so-called. dysfunctional visceral tissue, which causes many adverse systemic metabolic changes and thus poses a serious health risk.
Healthy and pathogenic tissue of adipose tissue[5,6,16,20]
When the amount and chemical profile of endogenous fat metabolites synthesized and released into the blood is normal - then they are used to regulate important physiological processes. They normalize energy management, hematopoietic function, release lipids necessary to balance the energy balance, stimulate the growth and activity of immune cells, etc. However, in numerous studies it has been demonstrated that concentrated abdominal fat is a special health risk. The greater the total mass of fat abdominal (visceral) tissue - the more it is "dysfunctional" physiologically. It has been documented that in this particular localization fat cells - adipocytes - synthesize and release into the blood the disturbed profile of lipids, lipoproteids and apodicins (a type of cytokines) that are biologically active proteins with the role of hormones and so-called. signaling bodies. The disrupted profile of these metabolites means, for example, the overproduction of oxidized lipids and bad LDL cholesterol, the deficit of good HDL cholesterol and the overproduction or deficiency of important hormones and signaling proteins. Such dysfunctional fat tissue production activity may interfere with the endocrine system, energy, cardiovascular, immune and nervous systems. A reflection of the visceral location of adipose tissue is the abdominal obesity of the "apple" type mentioned above.
Total damage caused by abdominal adipose tissue [3,5,6,16]
Abdominal fat tissue is a physiological "vacuum cleaner" sucking excess amounts of fat and glucose, circulating there, not used for physical movement and for energy-intensive activities of the heart, brain, liver, kidneys, muscles, etc. of organs. The abdominal tissue very actively processes these redundant energy resources into triglycerides and stores in their elastically swollen cells - adipocytes. This results in self-perpetuating negative feedback - the tissue grows abundantly around the abdominal cavity - and its hyperplasia intensifies the absorption of fat and glucose from the blood and its metabolism - that is, the mass of harmful secretions. This tissue releases large quantities of "bad" LDL cholesterol to the blood, oxidized and toxic to lipid arteries, etc.It initiates atherosclerosis and intensifies its dangerous complications in the form of a whole range of heart diseases and blood circulation. (We will discuss them later in the text). No less a health risk is that the abdominal visceral tissue synthesizes and releases to the blood an abnormal profile of proteins important for the hormonal regulation of the body - the adipokines mentioned above: adiponectin, leptin and others. For example, a significant deviation from the normal profile of these hormones and proteins can trigger the initiation of diabetes mellitus such as overproduction of insulin (hyperinsulinaemia) and as a result the build-up of tissue resistance to insulin; as well as can disrupt the whole system of self-regulation of energy management. (We will discuss this process in detail later in the text).
In addition, some products (metabolites) of abdominal fat tissue cause chronic inflammation of blood vessels stimulating atherosclerotic and degenerative processes, as well as may cause blood clotting disorders, excessive contractility of blood vessels, immune system disorders, etc. Incorrect biochemical profile of the above visceral tissue metabolites called is often a "pathogenic causal link" between abdominal (visceral) obesity and numerous health problems resulting from excessive body weight such as metabolic syndrome, diabetes, atherosclerosis and other heart diseases, including the risk of heart attack and stroke ... ". We add: Based on numerous epidemiological studies, it has been thoroughly documented that obesity is a condition particularly predisposing to the development of diabetes mellitus, hypertension, coronary atherosclerosis, degenerative heart disease, certain diseases of the liver and kidneys, lungs, skin, osteoarticular system, cholelithiasis, gout, as well as sleep apnea and depression. It is also an important factor hindering surgical treatment, worsening the prognosis after injuries or acute infections [16].
Abdominal obesity threatens diabetes [9,1,20]
In response to variable levels of glucose and insulin in the blood - fat cells (adipocytes) actively secrete biological substances with the role of hormones called adipokines (a special type of cytokines) - such as: adiponectin, apelin, leptin, visfatin, resistive, etc. These substances are characterized by that, depending on their concentration in the blood they can stimulate or block the production and secretion of insulin from the pancreas. It is believed that apelin and visfatin are the most dependent on pancreatic secretion and effective insulin action. In total, the above hormones secreted into the blood in abnormal amounts by the abdominal adipose tissue may contribute to the development of insulin resistance of the tissues, which is one of the symptoms of diabetes. A particular risk is that the visceral tissue synthesizes and releases an excess of some dopodicin called tumor necrosis factor into the blood. Apodicin marked with the symbol - TNF alpha - blocks the physiological functions of insulin receptors. And this threatens a further increase in insulin resistance and the development of type 2 diabetes.
More in the article:OBORINE OBESITY DANGERS DIABETES
Abdominal obesity threatens atherosclerosis [4,5,6,14]
In contrast to fat accumulated in other parts of the body, including the one in the thighs and buttocks - visceral fat tissue produces an abnormal profile of biologically active proteins - the already mentioned adipokines and excessive amount of oxidized lipids and lipoproteins. It can be said that the higher the weight of visceral fat, the more it releases oxidized fatty compounds into the blood and too many pro-inflammatory adipokines; and too little anti-inflammatory (e.g., adiponectin). Together, the distorted profile of these metabolites causes chronic inflammation of the endothelium of the arteries - the so-called Oxidative stress. Oxidative stress promotes hydrolysis in the arteries of "bad" cholesterol. This cholesterol is a collection of several highly harmful to the arteries of the fraction: VLDL, IDL, LDL, Lp (a)). As we have already pointed out above - it is harmful to the arteries, among others, because it contains smaller and denser chemical particles that are easier to stick and penetrate into the walls of arterial vessels; as well as deeper penetrate and degenerate their endothelium. This initiates processes of atherosclerosis, which narrows the arteries inwards, which reduces the lumen of the vessel and impedes the flow of blood; and the complications of atherosclerosis in the form of a whole range of heart diseases and cardiovascular health are seriously endangering life and health. (We will discuss them later in the text).In addition, an indirect consequence of an abnormal profile of metabolites of dysfunctional visceral tissue is the appearance of excess fibrinogen in the blood. And this increases the risk of arterial and pulmonary clots that arise after the separation of atherosclerotic plaque - threatening infarction and stroke.
More in the article:OBORINE OBESITY IS ATTACKED BY THE ATTACKER AND ITS COMBATS
Author: mgr farm. Nina Krawczyk
MSc chemistry. nutrition Edward Ozga Michalski
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